Activity monitoring

ABSTRACT

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide measures, including apparatuses, circuitry, methods and computer programs, for use in monitoring user activity. Orientation data for a user is generated. The generated orientation data is inserted into advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol. The advertising packets comprising the generated orientation data are broadcast according to the wireless communication protocol.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International ApplicationPCT/GB2017/053339, filed on Nov. 7, 2017, which claims priority to GBApplication No. 1618754.4, filed on Nov. 7, 2016, both of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

INTRODUCTION

The present invention relates to user activity monitoring. Inparticular, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to lowpower monitoring of user activity.

Known user activity monitoring systems include wrist worn activitymonitors such as FITBIT® or smart watches. These known systems trackuser activity levels gathered from motion data, heart rate, etc. andeither store the information locally or transmit the results to anotherdevice such as a smartphone.

Difficulties arise when it is desired to monitor a person's activitylevels for prolonged periods, for example throughout the day. To collectdata from a sensor such as an accelerometer over a wireless link can usea large amount of power. If the power source for such a sensor andwireless link is limited, for example a non-rechargeable ornon-replaceable battery, then it is important that power usage is as lowpower as possible.

BRIEF SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is providedapparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatus beingconfigured to: generate orientation data for a user; insert thegenerated orientation data into advertising packets of a wirelesscommunication protocol; and broadcast the advertising packets comprisingthe generated orientation data according to the wireless communicationprotocol.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provideda wearable item comprising the apparatus of the first aspect.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is providedcircuitry for use in monitoring user activity, the circuitry beingconfigured to: generate orientation data for a user;

insert the generated orientation data into advertising packets of awireless communication protocol; and broadcast the advertising packetscomprising the generated orientation data according to the wirelesscommunication protocol.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provideda method of monitoring user activity, the method comprising: generatingorientation data for a user; inserting the generated orientation datainto advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol; andbroadcasting the advertising packets comprising the generatedorientation data according to the wireless communication protocol.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provideda computer program comprising a set of instructions, which, whenexecuted by a computerized device, cause the computerized device toperform a method of monitoring user activity, the method comprising:generating orientation data for a user; inserting the generatedorientation data into advertising packets of a wireless communicationprotocol; and broadcasting the advertising packets comprising thegenerated orientation data according to the wireless communicationprotocol.

Embodiments may be provided in the form of a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage mediums comprising computer-executableinstructions which, when executed by a processor, cause a computingdevice to perform a method of monitoring user activity.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is providedapparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatus beingconfigured to: generate first orientation data for a user of theapparatus at a first repetition frequency; broadcast the generated firstorientation data according to broadcasting functionality of a wirelesscommunication protocol; in response to receiving a connection requestfrom a remote device, establish a connection with the remote deviceaccording to the wireless communication protocol; generate secondorientation data for the user of the apparatus at a second, higherrepetition frequency; and transmit the generated second orientation datavia the connection established with the remote device according to thewireless communication protocol.

According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a device configured to operate either in a relatively low powermode or a relatively high power mode, wherein when operating in therelatively low power mode, the device is configured to: generateorientation data for a user; and broadcast the generated orientationdata in advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol, andwherein when operating in the relatively high power mode, the device isconfigured to: generate further orientation data for the user; andtransmit the further orientation data to a remote device via acommunication session established with the remote device.

According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided apparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatusbeing configured to: receive orientation data broadcast by a userdevice, the broadcast orientation data having been generated by the userdevice in relation to activity of a user of the user device; analyze thereceived broadcast orientation data for the presence of a predeterminedactivity pattern of the user; and in response to the analysis indicatingthat the predetermined activity pattern of the user is present, causetransmittal of a request to the user device, the request being operableto cause the user device to: establish a connection with the apparatus;and transmit orientation data generated by the user device in relationto activity of the user of the user device via the establishedconnection rather than via broadcast.

According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is providedapparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatus beingconfigured to: receive first orientation data broadcast by a first userdevice in advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol, thefirst broadcast orientation data having been generated by the first userdevice in relation to activity of a user of the first user device;receive second orientation data broadcast by a second user device inadvertising packets of a wireless communication protocol, the secondbroadcast orientation data having been generated by the second userdevice in relation to activity of the user, wherein the first userdevice and the second user device are comprised in an item worn by theuser and wherein the first user device and the second user device arespatially apart from each other in the item worn by the user; analyzethe received first and second broadcast orientation data for anindication of a movement activity pattern of the user; in response tothe analysis indicating a positive indication, cause establishment of afirst communication session with the first user device and establishmentof a second communication session with the second user device; transmita first command to the first user device which is operable to cause thefirst user device to transmit orientation data generated by the firstuser device to the apparatus via the first communication session; andtransmit a second command to the second user device which is operable tocause the second user device to transmit orientation data generated bythe second user device to the apparatus via the second communicationsession.

According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is providedapparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatus beingconfigured to: generate biometric data for a user; insert the generatedbiometric data into advertising packets of a wireless communicationprotocol; and broadcast the advertising packets comprising the generatedbiometric data according to the wireless communication protocol.

According to an eleventh aspect of the present invention, there isprovided apparatus substantially in accordance with any of the examplesas described herein with reference to and illustrated by theaccompanying drawings.

According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided methods substantially in accordance with any of the examples asdescribed herein with reference to and illustrated by the accompanyingdrawings.

Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparentfrom the following description of preferred embodiments of theinvention, given by way of example only, which is made with reference tothe accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a system diagram according to embodiments;

FIG. 2 shows a message flow diagram according to embodiments;

FIG. 3 shows a broadcast packet according to embodiments; and

FIG. 4 shows a system diagram according to embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments relate to measures, including apparatus, methods, computerprograms and computer program products, for use in monitoring useractivity.

Embodiments provide low power activity monitoring for use inapplications where it is important to be able to calculate a person'sactivity levels throughout the day using one or more accelerometers.

In some applications there may be limited power available which makes itimpractical to continuously collect high-resolution data. Embodimentsallow identification of when to connect to a monitoring device ordevices to obtain higher resolution sample data. Embodiments allowcapture of high sample rate gait data using a very low power system toidentify key time periods to monitor a person's activities.

Embodiments described herein are suitable for applications where abattery is sealed in with a monitoring device, for example such that thebattery is non-rechargeable and/or non-replaceable.

Some embodiments involve monitoring activity levels, gait data andmotion data for a hip protector device with embedded electronicsensor(s) and transmitter(s).

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a system 100 according to embodiments. System100 comprises apparatus 102, device 110 and server 120.

Apparatus 102 comprises a wireless transceiver 102A which is capable ofcommunicating via one or more wireless communication protocols accordingto embodiments. Apparatus 102 also comprises one or more processorsand/or one or more memories 102B which are capable of providing variousdata processing and data storage/retrieval tasks according toembodiments. Apparatus 102 also comprises one or more sensors 104 whichare capable of sensing one or more parameters associated with theactivity of a user of apparatus 102.

Apparatus 102 is able to communicate with other devices such as device110 over one or more wireless communication links (or paths) 122.Apparatus 102 may also be able to communicate with other devices (notshown) via one or more wired communication links (not shown).

In some embodiments, wireless link 122 comprises a wireless link overwhich a wireless communication protocol such as BLUETOOTH™, WIFI™, radiofrequency identification (RFID), ANT™, ANT+™, ZIGBEE™, infrared (IR),Radio, Audio or optical communication technology is employed.

In some embodiments, wireless link 122 comprises a short range wirelesslink. The term “short” here is used to indicate a relatively short rangewireless link compared to a relatively wide (or “long”) range wirelesslink over which a wide range wireless communication protocol (such as acellular communication protocol) is employed.

In some embodiments, wireless link 124 comprises a wide range wirelesslink over which various cellular communication protocols (such as LongTerm Evolution (LTE)) are employed.

Device 110 comprises a wireless transceiver 110A which is capable ofcommunicating via one or more wireless communication protocols accordingto embodiments. Device 110 also comprises one or more processors and/orone or more memories 110B capable of providing various data processingand data storage/retrieval tasks according to embodiments. Device 110 isable to communicate with other devices such as apparatus 102 overwireless communication link 122 and server 120 over wirelesscommunication link 124. Device 110 may also be able to communicate withother devices (not shown) via one or more other wireless communicatelinks (not shown) or one or more wired communication links (not shown).

In embodiments, one or more of wireless links 122 or 124 comprises aradio frequency (RF) wireless link.

In some embodiments, device 110 comprises a mobile (cellular) telephonecapable of communicating via a mobile telephone network (not shown). Inother embodiments, device 110 comprises a wireless access point capableof communicating via a packet-switched network (not shown) such as theInternet.

Server 120 comprises one or more wireless and/or wired transceivers(120A) which are capable of communicating via one or more wireless orwired communication protocols according to embodiments. Server 120 maybe connected to one or more packet switched communication networks (notshown) which operate an Internet Protocol (IP). Server 120 alsocomprises one or more processors and/or one or more memories 120Bcapable of providing various data processing and data storage/retrievaltasks according to embodiments.

FIG. 2 shows a message flow diagram according to embodiments.

In the embodiments depicted in FIG. 2, apparatus 102 is configured togenerate orientation data for a user of apparatus 102, as per element 2a. In embodiments, sensor 104 of apparatus 102 comprises anaccelerometer and the orientation data is generated by theaccelerometer. In embodiments, the generated orientation data comprisescurrent x, y, and z axis positional data for the user.

Apparatus 102 inserts the generated orientation data into advertisingpackets of a wireless communication protocol and broadcasts theadvertising packets comprising the generated orientation data accordingto the wireless communication protocol, as per element 2 b.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 is configured to repeat the generating,inserting and broadcasting of orientation data at a first repetitionfrequency. In other words, apparatus 102 performs the generating,inserting and broadcasting repeatedly at a first frequency (or repeatsat a first periodic interval).

Device 110 receives the advertising packets broadcast by apparatus 102which contain the generated orientation data and forwards the generatedorientation data to server 120, as per element 2 c.

Server 120 processes the orientation data it receives for an indicationof the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user, as perelement 2 d. The predetermined activity pattern may for example beindicative of the user walking.

In response to the processing by server 120 indicating the presence ofthe predetermined activity pattern of the user, the server initiatestransmittal of a connection request to apparatus 102 in step 2 e. In theembodiments of FIG. 2, device 110 forwards the connection request toapparatus 102 in step 2 f.

A connection request is thus received by apparatus 102 in response toprocessing of the broadcast orientation data received by server 120indicating the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user.

In response to the broadcasting, apparatus 102 receives a connectionrequest from device 110 and establishes a connection with device 110according to the wireless communication protocol as per element 2 g. Inembodiments, the established connection is a two-way (duplex)connection.

In embodiments, server 120 also generates a command for apparatus 102 togenerate further orientation data for the user of apparatus 102 at asecond repetition frequency. In other words, apparatus 102 is commandedto perform the generating of further orientation data repeatedly at asecond frequency (or repeats at a second periodic interval).

In embodiments, the command is transmitted to apparatus 102 via theestablished connection.

In embodiments, the second repetition frequency is higher than the firstrepetition frequency.

In embodiments, the first repetition frequency is less than or equal to1 Hz.

In embodiments, the second repetition frequency is greater than or equalto 50 Hz.

In embodiments, the second repetition frequency is between 50 and 100Hz.

In some embodiments, the command is transmitted to apparatus 102 fromserver 120 in conjunction with the connection request of elements 2 eand 2 f, but in other embodiments, the command is transmitted in aseparate messaging process (not shown).

Upon receipt of the command from device 110 via the establishedconnection, apparatus 102 generates further orientation data for theuser of apparatus 102 at the second repetition frequency as per element2 h.

Apparatus 102 now transmits, at the second repetition frequency, thefurther generated orientation data to device 110 via the connectionestablished with device 110 as per element 2 i.

Device 110 forwards the further generated orientation data at the secondrepetition frequency to server 120 as per element 2 j.

In embodiments, in response to receipt of the command, apparatus 102discontinues the inserting and broadcasting of orientation data.Apparatus 102 thus switches from broadcasting orientation data generatedat a relatively low (first) repetition frequency to transmittal offurther orientation data generated at a relatively high (second)repetition frequency.

In embodiments, the generation and broadcasting of orientation data atthe relatively low repetition frequency consumes less power (which maybe considerably less) than the generation and transmittal of orientationdata at the relatively high repetition frequency. The generating andbroadcasting of orientation data at the relatively low repetitionfrequency can be seen as a (relatively) low power operational mode forapparatus 102, whereas the generating and transmittal of orientationdata at the relatively high repetition frequency via the establishedconnection can be seen as a (relatively) high power operational mode forapparatus 102. By having apparatus 102 switch between such low power andhigh power modes, limited battery power resources at apparatus 102 canbe more efficiently utilised.

For example, if monitoring of a user's walking activity is of interest,then apparatus 102 can be configured to remain in the low power mode ifthe orientation data it broadcasts indicates for example that the useris currently sitting down or suchlike, or that at a certain time orduring a certain time period of the day the user is likely to be sittingdown. However, if the orientation data that apparatus 102 broadcastsindicates that the user is currently walking or that at a certain timeof day the user is likely to be walking, then apparatus 102 can beswitched into the high power mode at that time such that a higherresolution of orientation data can be obtained. Embodiments allow powerto be saved by not operating apparatus 102 in the high power mode all ofthe time, but instead only operating in high power mode some of the timeand operating in low power mode at other times.

In embodiments, server 120 further analyses the orientation datareceived via the established connection for the presence of a furtherpredetermined activity pattern of the user. In response to the furtheranalysis indicating that the further predetermined activity pattern ofthe user is present, server 102 causes transmittal of an alert message.

In embodiments, the further predetermined activity pattern is indicativeof an imminent fall of the user. In such a situation, it is desirablefor remedial action to be taken to prevent the user falling, so one ormore alert messages can be transmitted to the user to alert the user ortransmitted to other parties who may be able to assist the user.

In embodiments, an alert message is transmitted to device 110. Inembodiments, an alert message is transmitted to apparatus 102 via theestablished connection. In embodiments, an alert message is transmittedto an emergency services operator. The alert message could for examplecomprise a text message such as a Short Message Service (SMS)transmitted via a cellular network or an instant message (IM)transmitted via an IP network such as the Internet.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 comprises a gyroscope. In some suchembodiments, in response to receipt of the command, apparatus 102 isconfigured to activate the gyroscope. The gyroscope generates rotationaldata for the user of apparatus 102 at the second repetition frequencyand transmits, at the second repetition frequency, the generatedrotational data to device 110 via the connection established with device110. In embodiments, device 110 forwards the generated rotational datato server 120 and server 120 may analyse the rotational data for anyactivity pattern(s) of interest.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 comprises a pressure sensor. In some suchembodiments, in response to receipt of the command, apparatus 110 isconfigured to activate the pressure sensor. The pressure sensorgenerates pressure data for the user of apparatus 102 at the secondrepetition frequency and transmits, at the second repetition frequency,the generated pressure data to device 110 via the connection establishedwith device 110. In embodiments, device 110 forwards the generatedpressure data to server 120 and server 120 may analyse the pressure datafor any activity pattern(s) of interest.

In alternative or additional embodiments to an accelerometer sensingorientation data for the user, a gyroscope sensing rotational data forthe user or a pressure sensor sensing pressure data for the user, othertypes of sensor(s) may be employed to gather data in relation to theuser. For example, one or more force sensors, acoustic sensors, Halleffect sensors, magnetic sensors, rotation sensors, temperature sensors,orientation sensors, barometric pressure sensors, humidity sensors,heart rate sensors, strain, optical and breathing rate sensors may beemployed. In embodiments, any type of biometric data associated with theuser may be generated. This could also include multiples of each sensorabove, in different locations, or used over different ranges.

In embodiments, the wireless communication protocol comprises theBLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY™ (BLE) protocol and the advertising packetscomprise BLE advertising packets. By placing the orientation data intoBLE advertising packets, the system uses minimal extra power compared tooperating in a ‘normal’ advertising mode.

FIG. 3 shows a broadcast packet 300 according to embodiments. In theseexample embodiments, broadcast packet 300 comprises a BLE advertisingpacket. Broadcast packet 300 comprises a 1-octet (an 8-bit byte)preamble portion 300A, a 3-octet access address portion 300B, a 1-octetadvertising header portion 300C, a 1-octet payload length portion 300D,a 3-octet advertiser address portion 300E, an up to 31-octet payloadportion 300F and a 3-octet cyclic redundancy check portion 300G. The upto 31-octet payload portion 300F is intended (by Bluetooth corespecification) to carry manufacturing specific data. In embodiments, theinserting of generated orientation data comprises apparatus 102inserting the generated orientation data into manufacturing specificdata portions of BLE advertising packets. In the embodiments of FIG. 3,generated orientation data is inserted into payload portion 300F.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 is configured to receive, via theconnection established with device 110, a request to revert togenerating orientation data for the user of the apparatus at the firstrepetition frequency. In such embodiments, apparatus 102 reverts togenerating orientation data for the user of apparatus 102 at the firstrepetition frequency, inserting the orientation data generated at thefirst repetition frequency into advertising packets of the wirelesscommunication protocol, and broadcasting the advertising packetscomprising the generated orientation data according to the wirelesscommunication protocol at the first repetition frequency. Apparatus canthus be requested (for example by server 120 or device 110) to enter arelatively low power activity monitoring mode when a relatively highpower activity monitoring mode is no longer desired.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 comprises a further accelerometer. In somesuch embodiments, apparatus 102 is configured to, at the furtheraccelerometer, generate further orientation data for the user, insertthe further generated orientation data into further advertising packetsof the wireless communication protocol, and broadcast the furtheradvertising packets comprising the further generated orientation dataaccording to the wireless communication protocol. Such embodimentstherefore allow the capture and monitoring of orientation data from twostereoscopic sensors.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 is comprised in a wearable item worn bythe user. The wearable item may for example comprise one or more of ahip protector, a back protector, a limb protector, body armour, a glove,a jacket, a helmet, a sports garment, an activity monitoring garment, asensor equipped garment, personal protective equipment (PPE) (forexample a ‘hardhat’ or ‘knee guard’) and a medical device. For PPE, thiswould allow for the monitoring of the device to see if it was being usedand or worn as per employer guidelines.

According to embodiments, low temporal resolution (for example less thanor equal to 1 Hz) orientation data obtained from a wearable item such asa hip protector can be used to create a profile of a person's generaleveryday activity levels from a very low power device located on theuser. This data can then be used to predict when best to connect withthe device to obtain high-temporal resolution (for example greater thanor equal to 50 Hz) motion data from the device. Obtaining highresolution data allows for detailed analysis of a person's gait datasuch as cadence, instability, balance, symmetry, etc. By knowing when toconnect to the sensor(s) from analysis of the low power-low temporalresolution data, snapshot high resolution data can be obtained forimproved gait and motion analysis. For example, if it is learnt that aperson tends to walk at a particular time of day, then that would be agood time to connect for a few seconds or more to obtain high qualitygait data.

In embodiments where apparatus 102 comprises two (or more)accelerometers, the two (or more) accelerometers may be located remotefrom each other on a wearable item. For example, in the case of a hipprotector, one accelerometer may be located in a left hip area of thehip protector and another accelerometer may be located in a right hiparea of the hip protector.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 is encapsulated within a sealed enclosure.The sealed enclosure may for example comprise a strain rate sensitivematerial. In some such embodiments, apparatus 102 comprises anon-rechargeable battery and the non-rechargeable battery isencapsulated within the sealed enclosure.

Embodiments comprise apparatus for use in monitoring user activity.First orientation data for a user of the apparatus is generated at afirst repetition frequency. The generated first orientation data isbroadcast according to broadcasting functionality of a wirelesscommunication protocol. In response to receiving a connection requestfrom a remote device, a connection is established with the remote deviceaccording to the wireless communication protocol. Second orientationdata for the user of the apparatus is generated at a second, higherrepetition frequency. The generated second orientation data istransmitted via the connection established with the remote deviceaccording to the wireless communication protocol.

Embodiments comprise a device configured to operate either in arelatively low power mode or a relatively high power mode. Whenoperating in the relatively low power mode, the device is configured togenerate orientation data for a user, and broadcast the generatedorientation data in advertising packets of a wireless communicationprotocol. When operating in the relatively high power mode, the deviceis configured to generate further orientation data for the user, andtransmit the further orientation data to a remote device via acommunication session established with the remote device. Inembodiments, the device is configured to perform the generating andbroadcasting of the orientation data when operating in the relativelylow power mode at a lower frequency compared to the generating andtransmitting of the further orientation data when operating in therelatively high power mode.

Embodiments comprise a device for use in monitoring user activity, thedevice being configured to receive orientation data broadcast by a userdevice, the broadcast orientation data having been generated by the userdevice in relation to activity of a user of the user device, analyse thereceived broadcast orientation data for the presence of a predeterminedactivity pattern of the user, and in response to the analysis indicatingthat the predetermined activity pattern of the user is present, causetransmittal of a request to the user device. The request is operable tocause the user device to establish a connection with the apparatus, andtransmit orientation data generated by the user device in relation toactivity of the user of the user device via the established connectionrather than via broadcast. The device may for example comprise a networkdevice such as a server or a user device such as a mobile telephone.

In embodiments, the broadcast orientation data is generated andbroadcast at a first repetition frequency and the transmittedorientation data is generated and transmitted at a second, higherrepetition frequency. In embodiments, the predetermined activity patternis indicative of the user walking. In embodiments, the broadcastorientation data is broadcast in advertising packets of a wirelesscommunication protocol, for example the BLE protocol. In embodiments,the transmitted orientation data is transmitted via a BLE protocolcommunication session.

FIG. 4 shows a diagram of a system 400 according to embodiments. System400 comprises some similar elements to system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 andsimilar elements are similarly labelled.

In addition to apparatus 102, device 110 and server 120, system 400 alsocomprises apparatus 132.

Apparatus 132 comprises a wireless transceiver 132A which is capable ofcommunicating via one or more wireless communication protocols accordingto embodiments. Apparatus 132 also comprises one or more processorsand/or one or more memories 132B which are capable of providing variousdata processing and data storage/retrieval tasks according toembodiments. Apparatus 132 also comprises one or more sensors 134 (forexample accelerometers) which are capable of sensing one or moreparameters associated with the activity of a user of apparatus 132.Apparatus 132 is able to communicate with other devices such as device110 over one or more wireless communication links (or paths) 142.

In system 400, the user of apparatus 102 is the same as the user ofapparatus 132. In embodiments, apparatus 102 and apparatus 132 arelocated on a wearable item 150. In embodiments, apparatus 102 andapparatus 132 are located remote from each other on wearable item 150.If say for the example, wearable item 150 comprises a hip protector,apparatus 102 could be located in a left hip portion of wearable item150 and apparatus 132 could be located in a right hip portion ofwearable item 150.

In embodiments, apparatus 102 is referred to as a first user device,apparatus 132 is referred to as a second user device and device 110 isreferred to as monitoring apparatus. In such embodiments, monitoringapparatus 110 is configured to receive first orientation data broadcastby first user device 102 in advertising packets of a wirelesscommunication protocol, the first broadcast orientation data having beengenerated by first user device 102 in relation to activity of a user offirst user device 102. Monitoring apparatus 110 is also configured toreceive second orientation data broadcast by second user device 132 inadvertising packets of a wireless communication protocol, the secondbroadcast orientation data having been generated by second user device132 in relation to activity of the (same) user.

In embodiments, first user device 102 and second user device 132 arecomprised in an item 150 worn by the user and first user device 102 andsecond user device 132 are spatially apart from each other in item 150worn by the user.

The received first and second broadcast orientation data is analysed(for example by monitoring apparatus 110 or by server 120 afterforwarding to server 120 by monitoring apparatus 110) for an indicationof a movement activity pattern of the user. In response to the analysisindicating a positive indication, establishment of a first communicationsession with the first user device is caused and establishment of asecond communication session with the second user device is caused.Establishment of the first communication session and/or establishment ofthe second communication session may be initiated by monitoringapparatus 110 or server 120. The movement activity pattern of the usercould for example be a walking activity pattern, but could comprise anyother movement activity of interest, such as running, jumping, etc.

Monitoring apparatus 110 then transmits a first command to first userdevice 102 which is operable to cause first user device 102 to transmitorientation data generated by first user device to monitoring apparatus110 via the first communication session, and transmits a second commandto second user device 132 which is operable to cause second user device132 to transmit orientation data generated by second user device 132 tomonitoring apparatus 110 via the second communication session.

Using two devices worn close to the body according to embodiments,provides a significant advantage in building a picture of activitylevels compared to known distal worn devices such as wrist worn devices.Such known systems are relatively inaccurate in calculating activity asit is difficult to calculate what the body is doing using just themotion of the wrist. By using two sensors worn close to the body,embodiments described herein overcome such drawbacks of known systems.

Some embodiments involve using the payload data in a BLE advertisingpacket to contain orientation data from two accelerometers worn on oraround the hip of a user, detecting and storing this advertised data ona smartphone or other user equipment and transmitting the data to aserver where the data is analysed to discern activities such as walking,sitting, lying down and then using this data to build a picture of aperson's day to day activity levels.

Embodiments allow use of very low power electronics which in turn meansthat activity sensing electronics and a battery can be sealed in apackage which does not need charging and which is constantly active.Furthermore, by building a picture of when a person is active,embodiments are able to send a command from a server (or other dataanalysis device) to a user device to grab a snapshot of high resolutionmotion data at a point when the user is more likely than not to beactive. For example, if orientation data obtained from broadcast advertpackets indicates that a person walks every Tuesday for 1 hour, then thesystem can be instructed to connect to the appropriate sensor(s) andobtain data at that time. This further enables analysis of specific gaitpatterns in greater detail for use in fall prediction.

Embodiments provide wearable items such as hip protectors with theability to predict falls in advance.

Embodiments employ a Bluetooth Low Energy System on Chip microcontrollerwith an ultra-low power three axis accelerometer and all ancillarycircuitry (for example, resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.). Thesystem may be fitted with a coin cell battery and sealed in an enclosure(for example made of a strain rate sensitive material). In someembodiments, the microcontroller sends a BLE advert packet which isupdated with a new three axis accelerometer reading every 5 seconds. Inembodiments, this data is encoded into the Manufacturing Specific Dataarea of the BLE advert packet. The advert packet is detected by anin-range smartphone scanning for a BLE device with a predeterminedsignature and data content. The data within the BLE advert is thenextracted, time-stamped and stored on board the smartphone. This data isthen transmitted to a server (or servers). The data (for exampleorientation data from both hip devices) is then analysed to build apicture of a user's daily activities. Once a pattern of activities hadbeen discovered, the server then transmits this to the smartphone. Thesmartphone can then attempt to connect with the device on a day by daybasis at around the time suggested by the data from the server. Onceconnected, the smartphone can check if the person is walking via realtime analysis of the data. If the person is walking, then the phone canstay connected for a set time period to capture a snapshot of highquality gait data. This data is then transferred to the server forfurther analysis.

Embodiments comprise apparatus for use in monitoring user activity, theapparatus being configured to generate biometric data for a user, insertthe generated biometric data into advertising packets of a wirelesscommunication protocol, and broadcast the advertising packets comprisingthe generated biometric data according to the wireless communicationprotocol. The generated biometric data may for example comprise one ormore of orientation data, temperature data, heart rate data, andbreathing rate data. Other types of biometric data generated in relationto the user may be employed.

In embodiments, one or more of apparatus 102, device 110, and server 120comprise a processor or processing system. In embodiments, theprocessing system comprises one or more processors and/or memory. Eachdevice as described in relation to any of the embodiments describedabove may similarly comprise a processor and/or processing system. Oneor more of the aspects of the embodiments described herein withreference to the drawings comprise processes performed by one or more ofapparatus 102, device 110, and server 120. In embodiments, one or moreof apparatus 102, device 110, and server 120 comprise one or moreprocessing systems or processors configured to carry out theseprocesses. In this regard, embodiments may be implemented at least inpart by computer software stored in (non-transitory) memory andexecutable by the processor, or by hardware, or by a combination oftangibly stored software and hardware (and tangibly stored firmware).Embodiments also extend to computer programs, particularly computerprograms on or in a carrier, adapted for putting the above describedembodiments into practice. The program may be in the form ofnon-transitory source code, object code, or in any other non-transitoryform suitable for use in the implementation of processes according toembodiments. The carrier may be any entity or device capable of carryingthe program, such as a RAM, a ROM, or an optical memory device, etc.

The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples ofthe invention. Further embodiments of the invention are envisaged.

In some of the embodiments described above, orientation data isforwarded on to server 120 by device 110 and processing/analysis oforientation data is performed by server 120. In other embodiments, someor all of the processing/analysis of the orientation data is performedby device 110.

Some of the embodiments described above involve use of two or moresensors which operate independently to provide orientation data to adevice such as device 110 across separate wireless communication links.In alternative embodiments, a first sensor could deliver provideorientation data to a second sensor (for example via a wired linkbetween the two sensors) and the second sensor can provide orientationdata for both sensors to a device such as device 110 across a singlewireless communication link.

The term high-resolution data is used herein to refer to data that iscaptured at a higher temporal resolution than low-resolution data, i.e.sampled more frequently. This term is also used herein to refer to datathat produces more parameters and/or more details of those parameters,i.e. sampling produces more in-depth, detailed and/or more extensivedata than capture of low-resolution data.

In alternative embodiments, a device having a replaceable orrechargeable battery is connected all the time to monitor user activity.

In alternative embodiments, the sensing electronics on the user analysethe generated orientation data and identify times for the smartphone toconnect, rather than under the instruction of the smartphone or a remoteserver.

It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any oneembodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other featuresdescribed, and may also be used in combination with one or more featuresof any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of theembodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not describedabove may also be employed without departing from the scope of theinvention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatus being configured to: generate orientation data for a user at a first repetition frequency; insert the orientation data into advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; and broadcast the advertising packets comprising the orientation data according to the wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency, receive a connection request from a device in response to a broadcast of the advertising packets, wherein the connection request is received in response to the orientation data in the advertising packets indicating a presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user; and establish a connection with the device according to the wireless communication protocol, wherein the device is configured to forward the orientation data to a server configured to process the orientation data in the advertising packets and determine the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an accelerometer configured to generate the orientation data.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the orientation data comprises current x, y, and z axis positional data for the user.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured to receive, from the device via the connection, a command to generate further orientation data for the user of the apparatus at a second repetition frequency.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the second repetition frequency is higher than the first repetition frequency.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, further configured to: in response to receipt of the command, generate further orientation data for the user of the apparatus at the second repetition frequency; and transmit, at the second repetition frequency, the further orientation data to the device via the connection established with the device.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 4, further configured to, in response to receipt of the command, discontinue the inserting and the broadcasting.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 4, further configured to: generate the further orientation data for the user at the second repetition frequency; insert the further orientation data into further advertising packets of the wireless communication protocol at the second repetition frequency; broadcast the further advertising packets comprising the further orientation data at the second repetition frequency; receive, via the connection with the device, a request to revert to generating orientation data for the user of the apparatus at the first repetition frequency; and revert to generating orientation data for the user of the apparatus at the first repetition frequency, inserting the orientation data at the first repetition frequency into advertising packets of the wireless communication protocol, and broadcasting the advertising packets comprising orientation data according to the wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a gyroscope, wherein the apparatus is further configured to: in response to receipt of the command, activate the gyroscope; at the gyroscope, generate rotational data for the user of the apparatus at the second repetition frequency; and transmit, at the second repetition frequency, the rotational data to the device via the connection established with the device.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a pressure sensor, wherein the apparatus is further configured to: in response to receipt of the command, activate the pressure sensor; at the pressure sensor, generate pressure data for the user of the apparatus at the second repetition frequency; and transmit, at the second repetition frequency, the pressure data to the device via the connection established with the device.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wireless communication protocol comprises a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol and the advertising packets comprise BLE advertising packets.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the apparatus is further configured to insert the orientation data into manufacturing-specific data portions of the BLE advertising packets.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first repetition frequency is less than or equal to 1 Hz.
 14. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the second repetition frequency is greater than or equal to 50 Hz.
 15. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the predetermined activity pattern is indicative of the user walking.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the device is configured to process the orientation data in the advertising packets and determine the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is encapsulated within a sealed enclosure.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the sealed enclosure comprises a strain rate sensitive material.
 19. The apparatus according to claim 17, comprising a non-rechargeable battery, wherein the non-rechargeable battery is encapsulated within the sealed enclosure.
 20. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises one or more of: a mobile telephone, or a wireless access point.
 21. The apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: a further accelerometer, wherein the apparatus is further configured to: generate further orientation data for the user at the further accelerometer; insert the further orientation data into further advertising packets of the wireless communication protocol; and broadcast the further advertising packets comprising the further orientation data according to the wireless communication protocol.
 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the accelerometer and the further accelerometer are located remote from each other on the apparatus.
 23. A wearable item comprising an apparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatus being configured to: generate orientation data for a user at a first repetition frequency; insert the orientation data into advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; and broadcast the advertising packets comprising the orientation data according to the wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; receive a connection request from a device in response to a broadcast of the advertising packets, wherein the connection request is received in response to the orientation data in the advertising packets indicating a presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user, and establish a connection with the device according to the wireless communication protocol, wherein the device is configured to forward the orientation data to a server configured to process the orientation data in the advertising packets and determine the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user.
 24. The wearable item according to claim 23, comprising one or more of: a hip protector, a limb protector, a back protector, body armor, a glove, a jacket, a helmet, a sports garment, an activity monitoring garment, a sensor equipped garment, personal protective equipment, or a medical device.
 25. A method of monitoring user activity, the method comprising: generating orientation data for a user at a first repetition frequency; inserting the orientation data into advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; broadcasting the advertising packets comprising the orientation data according to the wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; receiving a connection request from a device in response to a broadcast of the advertising packets, wherein the connection request is received in response to the orientation data in the advertising packets indicating a presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user; and establishing a connection with the device according to the wireless communication protocol, wherein the device is configured to forward the orientation data to a server configured to process the orientation data in the advertising packets and determine the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user.
 26. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a set of instructions, which, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform a method of monitoring user activity, the method comprising: generating orientation data for a user at a first repetition frequency; inserting the orientation data into advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; and broadcasting the advertising packets comprising the orientation data according to the wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; receive a connection request from a device in response to a broadcast of the advertising packets, wherein the connection request is received in response to the orientation data in the advertising packets indicating a presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user; and establish a connection with the device according to the wireless communication protocol, wherein the device is configured to forward the orientation data to a server configured to process the orientation data in the advertising packets and determine the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user.
 27. An apparatus for use in monitoring user activity, the apparatus being configured to: generate biometric data for a user at a first repetition frequency; insert the biometric data into advertising packets of a wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency; and broadcast the advertising packets comprising the biometric data according to the wireless communication protocol at the first repetition frequency, receive a connection request from a device in response to a broadcast of the advertising packets, wherein the connection request is received in response to the biometric data in the advertising packets indicating a presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user, and establish a connection with the device according to the wireless communication protocol, wherein the device is configured to forward the biometric data to a server configured to process the biometric data in the advertising packets and determine the presence of a predetermined activity pattern of the user.
 28. The apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the biometric data comprises one or more of: orientation data, temperature data, heart rate data, or breathing rate data. 